At Graduation in Gwo Moulen

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Christmène was one of the speakers at the ceremony when she and 173 CLM members graduated from the program in Gwo Moulen. Like most of the women who spoke, her story was striking, but what she said about repairing her home was especially important. “It never entered my head that I could do it without a man.” 

Her children’s father left her in an old, dilapidated house with their two young kids to go off and work in the Dominican Republic. She was pregnant with their third child at the time. She lost that child, and she never heard from her husband again. She took care of her two remaining children as a day laborer in her neighbors’ fields.

She says that her case manager, Rony, really encouraged her. She used savings from her weekly stipend to start a small business selling bread and sugar, two staples that rural Haitians need to drink their traditional morning coffee. The income from that business, together with her stipend, helped her manage the household and make weekly contributions to her savings group. But it also helped her move forward with her home.

She had to have someone cut a flat spot into the hill she lives on first. “They asked me for 7,500 gourds, but I talked with them, and they accepted 5,000.”

Some of the support posts from her old house could be used for the new one, but she needed to buy twelve new ones, too. She had a tree in her yard that could be harvested for the lumber that her new roof would require, but her biggest challenge would be acquiring the palmwood she’d need.

She’d have to buy multiple trees and have them cut into planks for the walls. “I just talked to some people. I started asking people just to hold onto 500 gourds at a time for me.” By making regular payments she got the planks. “I still owe a couple of people money, but I am continuing to pay them.”

The last big challenge was the roof. CLM gave her enough money to help purchase sheets of metal roofing. The house she wanted would need 34. She could add her own money to buy what Fonkoze would not pay for, but they could not be purchased in Gwo Moulen. She’d have to get them down the mountain, in Laskawobas. “I carried them up seven at a time.” With a smile she adds, ” The skin of the shoulder I carried them on still hasn’t healed.”

The last thing she needed was a few additional planks of hardwood to finish the window frames and a door. She would be able to take one of her doors from the old house.

“Now my children and I live in a new, three-room house, and I know that there is nothing man can do that a woman can’t do too.”

Esterlanda lives in Lagon, a neighborhood on the eastern end of Gwo Moulen, along the path that leads to the market in Do Bwa Wouj. She lived in a house that her husband, Makenson, had purchased from his brother. That brother had inherited the house when the brothers’ parents died. 

Makenson was the couple’s main earner. “He always worked hard,” Esterlanda says. He would leave the area for four to five months at a time to work odd jobs in the Dominican Republic and return with his earnings. When he was in Gwo Moulen with Esterlanda and their girls, he would work their neighbors’ fields as a day laborer. 

They joined the CLM program, and one important change in their lives is that Makenson no longer thinks of going away. Esterlanda bought two goats and a small pig with the money Fonkoze set aside for her to invest, but Makenson has taken over care of the livestock. The two goats are now nine, and the sow has three healthy young. Because their home did not need repair, they were able to use the funds available for home repair to buy a horse. “I can’t leave. I have to take care of our animals,” Makenson says, and though he says he “can’t” leave and that he “has to accept” not going away, he is happy about the new situation, able now to live year-round with his wife and his young daughters.

And now Esterlanda is adding to their income. It started with a question from her case manager, Rony. “Wouldn’t you like to start earning money, too?

She started small, selling prepared seasoning. Haitian cooking is labor-intensive, and one big part of the work involves grinding seasonings like leeks and garlic into a smooth paste with salt, oil and other herbs. The job is generally done with a mortar and pestle, standard equipment in a Haitian kitchen, and it takes a lot of time to get the mixture as smooth as Haitian chefs want it. Esterlanda invested four weeks of her stipend, or 2,400 gourds, which is less than $20. She prepared and sold the seasoning ready-to-use, and her business started to grow. 

But it grew more slowly than she hoped. “Other people were selling it too, and some of it wasn’t good, so people stopped buying it at all.”

By then, however, her business capital had grown from 2,400 gourds to about 5,000. She started buying small loads of used clothing in the market in Laskawobas. She would walk around Gwo Moulen, selling the clothing item-by-item. Before long, she had grown her capital again, from 5,000 gourds to 10,000. She paused her business in the build-up to graduation. She’s been busy. But she is excited to get back to it. December is the best season in Haiti for those who sell clothes because many Haitians want to celebrate the New Year with new outfits.

She did not stop doing business entirely, however. While part of the CLM program, she participated in a special training called “transformation.” It involves producing higher mark-up items out of basic ingredients. She learned to make bonbon chodye, a cake that can be baked in a regular Haitian pot over a cooking fire, karapinya, which are peanuts roasted in sugar with ginger and cinnamon, and other goods as well. She sells to a lot of children who want snacks at school. 

She does not have a clear sense of how much money she has in this business right now. Her purchases are somewhat scattered, so it is harder to keep track of the total. But when asked how she can be sure it is profitable, she explains what she is able to do with the revenue it generates. It is her main source of income. She uses it to save 1,000 gourds every week in her savings club. She now holds two accounts so she can save 1,000 instead of just 500. And she also uses it for household expenses.

The savings group has already been useful. The couple had always done some farming, but not much, working mainly for other local farmers. Their case manager, however, encouraged them to invest in their own crops, so Esterlanda borrowed enough money from the savings group to plant a crop of beans, one of the area’s important cash crops. With the 85,000 that they assembled from the sale of that harvest and the payout she received from the group when its cycle ended, the couple bought a cow with a young calf already trailing behind it.

Though she has doubled the amount she saves each week, Esterlanda isn’t sure what she and Makenson will do with all the savings when the new savings cycle ends. She thinks of buying another cow, but she isn’t sure. “We will make a plan when the time comes.”

Ivronie’s life has changed in two important ways in recent years. 

The first came before she joined the CLM program. She was a widow, living with her three young children. She met her second husband, Djo. “He took me with my three children and accepted them as his own.”

She had been struggling to keep her children fed by farming. When she could put her hands on some money, she would manage what she calls “komès sou tèt,” or business on her head. She would buy a small load of produce at the market in Do Bwa Wouj, hike two-three hours down the mountain to downtown Laskawobas with the produce on her head, and sell it there.

Djo changed much of that as soon as they met. “When he saw the way that I was struggling, he bought me a horse.” That meant she had a pack animal to carry the load for her. She could buy more and suffer less. He also told her to stop farming. He would do her farming for her so she could focus on other things.

She joined the program, and she began to have the resources to make her business grow. She bought two goats and a pig with funds she received as a member of the program. She now has five goats, and her sow has four piglets. The couple was eventually able to put money from their harvest together with what Ivronie saved during her saving group’s first twelve-month cycle to buy a cow, which is now pregnant. 

Thanks to her horse and to the cash she had available because of CLM, her business, buying in Do Bwa Wouj and selling in Laskawobas was growing, but she ran into a problem. When she became pregnant, the trip up and down the mountain was too much. So she changed her business, starting to sell basic groceries out of her home. It is a difficult business, because friends and neighbors are always asking to buy on credit. If too much of the capital stays in clients’ hands, it can be hard to restock. 

But Ivronie is making it work. “It just takes patience. They pay eventually.” And her patience is paying off. Thanks to her business, she’s is able to keep her children fed and send the older ones to school. The small business has grown steadily, and she was able to take advantage of an important new development in her community to take it to another level.

The CLM program helps local leaders organize community development committees, or CDCs, where it works. It coaches these committees through the process of developing and executing a development project. The seven neighborhood committees in Gwo Moulen decided to organize themselves into a single group to execute one project: improving the path between Gwo Moulen and Central Laskawobas so that motorcycles can use it. 

The project was successful, and motorcycle taxis now work the hill. Ivronie began hiring one to bring large loads of merchandise up to her home. She’s become a wholesaler, selling groceries to the other merchants at the top of the mountain, for whom the chance to stock their businesses without having to hike downhill is a considerable blessing. 

Ivronie continues to save in her group. She says that, at the end of the cycle, she and Djo want to buy another cow. She hopes eventually to use her cows for an even larger kind of purchase. “I have young children. I want to buy more land so that I’ll have something to leave them someday.”

Rose-Mirtha is a young mother of a small girl. She was a student at school in Laskawobas, when she was raped by another student. When she was pregnant, she moved back in with her mother and her stepfather. People told her that she should get rid of the baby, but she couldn’t bring herself to do it. 

When she joined the program, she was living with her daughter, her mother, her mother’s two younger children, and her stepfather on the stepfather’s family’s land. But she and her mother worked quickly to build a small new house on their own land. She likes her stepfather, but she explains, “He has other, older children, and we didn’t like the way they treated my mother.” The stepfather now lives with them in their home.

Even before she joined CLM, Rose-Mirtha had a dream. “I always hoped my life would change. I dreamed of having the means myself to be able to handle things if my girl or I should have a problem. I just didn’t know how to get started.” 

She took a first step forward by finding a way to manage her money. “I would come upon a hundred gourds now and then, and I’d always make a plan to buy a chicken. But the money would end up going towards some other expense. The CLM training encouraged me to save, and the savings group they organized gave me a way to do it.”

She started a business. She buys green coffee beans at the market in Do Bwa Wouj, and she sells them down the mountain in Laskawobas. She used funds she received from Fonkoze for investment to buy livestock. And because her mother spent most of the money that they needed for the house they share, she had money for her own home repair available. When her savings group completed its cycle, she added the payout to her home repair money and bought a cow.

She plans on living in Gwo Moulen through the end of the school year. While she is there, she works as a schoolteacher there. “I like the way I can learn from the children and they can learn from me.” But she’d like to go back to school herself. The situation in Laskawobas has been uncertain, and she thinks it is smarter to wait, but if things look safer next year, she wants to go back. “There are lots of jobs you can do, and education makes it easier to succeed.”

Gidette, Ready to Graduate in Hat

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Gidette lives in Hat, a community along the Artibonite River, just east of downtown Laskawobas. It is where she was born and raised, and she lives there with four of her five children. Her older lives off on her own now, but the younger woman’s daughter lives with Gidette so she can attend the school nearby.

Gidette and her husband have always worked together to earn the income they need. He fishes, and she takes the fish to market for sale as long as the catch is good enough to make the trip to downtown Laskawobas worthwhile. If it is not enough, he just sells it to the buyers who go to the river to meet fishermen there. “It’s best when I can go to the market. I can buy what we need while I’m there. It’s cheaper than buying from neighbors.”

The family was getting by. Gidette made weekly contributions to her sòl, a savings club common in Haiti. She used the sòl to save the money for the children’s school fees.

But her husband’s catches were getting small while prices were getting higher. So, the family was struggling. 

After eighteen months in the CLM program, some things are the same for the family, but much has changed as well. Their main source of income for daily expenses is still his fishing. Gidette has not chosen to invest in other commerce.

She decided, however, to invest in livestock. She bought two goats with funds that the program provided, and now she has four. She also bought two turkeys, which have begun laying eggs, and a pair of ducks. “Animals are hope. You can sell them when you need the money, and when people see you have livestock, they will lend you money, too.” 

She hopes that the goats will continue producing and that someday she will be able to buy a cow. It will be her second because since she joined the program, a cow she was keeping for a neighbor had a calf, which she received as payment.

But for Gidette, the most important change has been her home. She was living in her mother-in-law’s old house, and it was falling apart. She watched her fellow CLM members finish home repair one after another, but hers was going slowly. “Some built two-room houses. Some built three rooms. I wanted a home with four rooms.”

She says that as graduation began to approach and she wasn’t finished, her case manager started to really push. “I told her not to worry. I had the posts and the palm trees for the walls. I told her that one day she come by and ‘pop’ it would be finished. I had given my word.”

And now, in fact, she has the four-room home she hoped for. And she already has plans for further improvements. She is saving in the second cycle of the savings and loan association the CLM set up for her and her fellow members, and when the 12-month saving cycle ends, she will buy cement and put down a floor.

Bedeyenn, Three Months after Graduation

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Granisia lives in Granfòn, a neighborhood that is a short, winding path off the main road that cuts through Bedeyenn. She lives with her husband and their three daughters.

Her husband Louisius used to contribute to the household income by making cooking charcoal. When he had a load ready for sale, he would contact a merchant, who would collect it and bring it to market.

But his strength has deteriorated over the last years, and he could not longer do the heavy work that charcoal production requires. He began collecting and selling the long, straight branches that the poorer Haitians in the region split and weave together to make walls for their homes, but this work is less profitable.

Granisia herself had a grocery business, selling food staples to neighbors out of her home: sugar, rice, flour, etc. She had about 10,000 gourds in the business, at a time when that was enough to buy a reasonable amount of stuff. But her husband’s reduced income put strain on the business. The expenses of feeding their children and sending them to school ate away from her capital until, by the time she joined CLM, almost all of the money in her business was gone. She was left with little more than some rum, which she sold by the shot, and a pack of cigarettes, which she sold one-by-one.

She joined the program and started to receive her cash stipend. Normally, these stipends have been distributed to CLM members in weekly payments, but getting hold of cash has been a struggle for Fonkoze the past couple of years, and the team in the Northwest decided to simplify things by paying once-a-month instead.

Granisia received 2,000 gourds, or about $15, per month for six months. It was very little money by most measures, but she did a lot with it. “I bought food for my family for 500 gourds, saved 500 gourds in my association, and put 1,000 into my business.” She added Toro, a popular energy drink, to her merchandise. She’d maximize her sales by putting her business on her head and hiking to the local cockfights, where rum and Toro is a popular combination and men like to smoke.

When the program gave her the first 15,000 gourds of her investment fund, she bought oil and sugar and a few other staples, which she sells out of her home. “I don’t like selling in the market. Too many people ask for credit.”

This is directly opposed to most of what we have heard over the years. Many members have told us that they sell in the market rather than at home because their neighbors are more likely to ask them for credit than strangers in a market are and it is easier to say “no” to the latter.

But Granisia has an explanation. “You have to sell some on credit either way, but when you give credit at a business in your home, you’re giving it to friends and neighbors who will pay.” She immediately cites the example of a neighbor who is dealing with a death in her family, which means receiving and feeding lots of people at a wake. “She didn’t know she’d have all that expense right now. I had to give her credit. It solves her problem and means a big sale for me.”

With the other 15,000 gourds that she receive, Granisia bought a goat and a sheep. Each has had a first litter, and both are pregnant again. She thinks the animals are important, because having a small collection of fertile females can enable you to send children to school every year.

Shortly after graduation, Granisia’s small commerce had shrunk back once more to a minimum, and it’s worth understanding why. When planting season came, she sold out most of her merchandise and invested her capital in her farming, holding on only to the business she carries to cockfights as a way to keep a steady trickle of income coming in.

Her main cash crops are beans and peanuts, and she has a plan for each. She plans to store her peanuts after harvest. The moment of harvest is normally when the prices are lowest. Thanks to her own hard work and the CLM program, she now has a dry, secure home where she can store peanuts safely until the prices rise again. She hopes that she’ll make enough to buy an additional goat. And she will reinvest in commerce, too.

She will sell some of the beans, as well, but some will be part of an interesting system of regional cooperation. She has friends farther up the mountain towards Ma Wouj. The difference in altitude is enough that the neighborhoods have different planting seasons. Part of Granisia’s harvest will be lent to friends uphill so that they have beans they can plant. When they have harvested, they will lend beans back to Granisia.

Granisia’s leaky old home one the left. Her new home on the right with a cool, covered area in front.

Sadilia lives in Dipre, right along a road that connects the main road from Answouj, through Bedeyenn, and up to Ma Wouj to Bonbadopolis to the southwest.

She and her two children had been living with the kids’ father with his family, but he wasn’t really able to contribute to helping her take care of them, and she was increasingly uncomfortable in her in-laws’ space. So she left with her children. Initially, she and the children moved in with her mother. She band their father were still together, though they did not live in the same home. Even when she had lived with her in-law’s, her partner had always had his own small, separate house.

For years, she did everything she could for her children through farming. She and her partner would plant their fields and then bring the harvest to market for sale. His contribution decreased and eventually stopped entirely shortly after she joined the program.

Sadilia talked to a sister who was willing to sell her a small plot on highly favorable terms. The total cost would be 100,000 gourds, or about $770, but she’d only need to pay 30,000 up front. “My sister will be patient.” Her sister actually wanted to give her the land as a gift, but Sadilia did not like the idea. “When she and I are gone, I don’t want any cause for confusion between her kids and mine.”

She’s poured half the investment capital that Fonkoze provided into a grocery business. She sells staples out of her home, but she also brings her business to a spot down the street, where there is a small daily market at an intersection. Locals shop there just for their immediate needs. Sales are small but steady.

With the other half of the fund, she bought two goats. Her care of them has yielded good results. She now has eight. She wants to use them to grow her commerce. Her local sales are strictly retail, but she hopes eventually to have enough capital to go buying wholesale in Gonayiv, the nearest city, and to become a supplier for the other merchants in her neighborhood.

Shortly after she graduated, her husband asked to move back in with her, now in her new home. She had to give it some thought. “He was away for a year, and when I ask him for his harvest during that year, he couldn’t give me anything.”

He’s now building her a new kitchen next to their home. She is not certain that the relationship will work out, but is clear about her reasoning. “I did it for the children. We have two together, and so I would already have to help out with any problem he might have anyway.”

Three Months after Graduation in Bonbadopolis

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Merlande lives in Laryòl, a community in Bonbadopolis, west of the downtown area. She lives there with four of her five children. The fifth lives in Pòtoprens with the father of the two older children and his wife. He provides no support to Merlande and his other child. The other three children are much younger. They have a different father, who lives nearby, but he does not support Merlande either.

She make a living for herself and the children by borrowing money to have bread made at a local bakery. She’d put the bread in a basket that she’d carried around her neighborhood on her head, selling as much as she could. But when she became pregnant with her youngest child, she stopped selling bread. The business was too much work while she had a baby in her arms. That was three and a half years ago, almost 18 months before she joined the CLM program. When she could finally move around a little, she put her hands on about 1,500 gourds, just over $10, and she bought small things — bouillon cubes, garlic, spices like cinnamon and clove — and sold them while hiking around downtown Bonbadopolis.

Then she joined the program, and she got right to work. She used her cash stipend right at the start to get back into the bread business. Now, however, she pays with cash, rather than with credit.

When Fonkoze transferred the first half of the money it would provide for investment, she purchased another kind of small commerce. She bought basic groceries, like rice, flour, sugar, oil, and started to sell them out of her home. That business keeps a steady flow of money — though not very much money — coming in. It enables her to deposit 500 gourds every week into her savings and loan association and another 500 gourds into a savings club she joined with other local merchants.

But she does not like to depend on that business too much, because she’s found that the more expensive merchandise — that is the rice and the sugar that she buys by the sack — moves too slowly. She’s continued with the business, but she’s focusing on the items that move more quickly.

It isn’t the only business she’s tried since she joined the program that has not worked the way she hoped it would. She started selling gasoline, but merchants able to buy at gas stations were getting theirs for less than she was paying, so they sold at a price too low for her.

But she continued to look for another business that would complement her bread business, and she found one that works well. She can buy a sack of cooking charcoal for just 1,000 gourds. She divides it into small bag-fulls. Maybe enough for just a meal or two. After she makes her morning rounds with her bread, she sets herself up by the side of the important dirt road that runs a few yards away from her home. She spends most of her afternoons sitting there, selling her charcoal.

She used some of her investment fund to buy goats, too. Now they are pregnant. She also added earnings from her various businesses to savings from her savings and loan association and her savings club, and she bought a small cow. She hopes that her cow will reproduce and that she’ll be able to sell some of its young to further diversify what she owns. She would like to buy land, but also other livestock.

Merlande’s bread.

Celise lives, in way, close to Merlande. Her community, Matiren, is just along the next hill. But their corner of Bonbadopilis is so thoroughly riven with ravines, that the series of roads it takes to get from one home to the other seems longer than it is.

She’s only been living in Matiren for about four years. Before that, she lived with her children at her mother’s house in Daniela, on another ridge in the area. She has eight children, with three different men, but she and her mother weren’t getting help from the fathers. The four oldest children moved away, two to Pòtoprens and two to Gonayiv. All four now support themselves. Celise struggles to support the youngest four.

When her mother started to get sick, things just turned worse until an older half-brother offered her a small piece of his land and pushed her to move there. Their father had always wanted to raise Celise, but Celise’s mother had never agreed to it. When the brother saw that Celise’s mother could no longer help her, that things were going badly for Celise, he more-or-less insisted that she join him, and Celise has been in Matiren ever since.”He cares about me.”

When she joined the CLM program, she had nothing, but she knew what she wanted to do. She wanted a grocery business, selling basic food items especially, and she used 15,000 gourds from the program to get started. She bought goats with CLM funds as well, and the number increased, but she tended to sell goats now and then to add to her merchandise, just making she that she could maintain a couple of productive females. She has just two now, though both are pregnant.

Her business grew quickly. From 15,000 gourds it became 68,000. She invested profits back into it in addition to earnings from sales of goats. When her saving and loan association’s 52-week cycle ended, she invested her savings in the business, too. By the time Celise graduated, her livestock and business together were worth 115,000 gourds, or about $900.

Then she ran into problems. A man had moved in with her, and things initially went well. He worked hard to prepare a space for her new CLM-supported home. The plot her brother had given her was steep, so someone had to cut into the slope to create a flat space. The man was willing to do so.

But she soon noticed his reluctance to help with other things. They needed to dig a pit so that Celise could install a latrine, but the man was not willing. What’s worse, she started to notice there’d be merchandise missing out of her business.

Here is where the story gets complicated. One night, she reports, he went out early in the evening and returned after 11, knocking violently at the door without even saying at first that it was him. Celise refused to open it. She still had a lot of merchandise and business capital in the house, not to mention her children, and she felt that she needed to be safe. The argument grew heated once he identified himself, but she refused to open the door, and he eventually went away.

Celise now says that she believes the man has been stealing from her. She reports that she has left the house on errands several times lately, and returned to find some of her merchandise gone. She’s now determined to make their break permanent. They have no children together. But he’s been threatening her, face-to-face and in talking with neighbors, whom he also tells that she will have to take him back. She’ll need to report the threats to the local authorities — it is one way of discouraging him from carrying out the threats — but she hasn’t been able to get herself to do it yet.

In the meantime, she has begun work on rebuilding her business. It is still smaller than it was when she graduated, but it is growing again. She has already earned enough to start buying livestock out of its profits. She now has two turkeys that were not there at graduation. And she continues to take care of her goats, though she now plans to keep them as a source of money to pay for the children’s school rather than as capital for additional investment.

Jean Belson, with his friend and case manager, Docius.

Jean Belson’s experience with the CLM staff stretches back to long before he was part of the program. He was raised, initially, by his grandmother. His mother gave him up shortly after he was born. His father never took any interest in him. Both parents have since passed away.

When his grandmother passed away, he got help from a surprising place. His mother’s previous partner, the father of his older half-siblings, had taken a strong liking to him, and he took him in. “He is my real father,” Jean Belson proclaims.

Even before his grandmother passed away, however, he had been befriended by Docius, or “Cius” as he’s usually known for short. Cius has long been president of a local association with a mission to support people with disabilities. “We have never had money, so no one wanted to be president,” he explains. “We just try to do what we can to integrate them into society.”

Cius met Jean Belson when he was just a boy. Jean Belson reports that he was afraid to be seen at the time. Cius began visiting him often and then taking him to community events. Jean Belson started earning change as an entertainer. He does not have functioning legs, and his hands, though they function perfectly well, are not the shape of most people’s hands. He is athletic, however, and can excite an audience with his dance moves. He didn’t make much, but Jean Belson says, “At least I could buy my own soap.”

He started his life as a merchant shortly after he joined the program. His first investment was small. He used 3,000 gourds that he saved out of his cash stipend to buy a gallon of rum and a couple of packets of cigarettes. He is popular, so friends and neighbors are happy to buy from him.

When he learned that the program would help him buy a home, he spoke with his adoptive father and the man’s two adult daughters. Together they came up with a plan that would be good for everyone. With the roofing metal the program would provide, Jean Belson could cover his father’s house, which until hen had a roof made of straw, then the family would give him one of the home’s rooms as his own. It would keep him with the family and guarantee him his own dry, secure space.

When he received 15,000 gourds as the first transfer of funds for investment, he took his business to another level. He bought groceries that he now sells out of a small shed along a dirt road that passes close to his home. He counts on his popularity to keep his sales up. Often, he’ll have a handful of young people playing dominoes or even just chatting at the door of his business shed. He manages his money carefully, continually reinvesting part of his profit into making the business larger.

With the second transfer he received, he bought goats. Because it is so hard for him to get around, he lets someone else take care of them, and they share any profits. He has a simple goal for his livestock. He hopes they will continue to increase and that he’ll eventually be able to buy a donkey. It will enable him to travel to downtown Bonbadopolis any time he wants without the expense of paying for a motorcycle.

Not everything he has tried has worked out. He thought he had convinced a cousin to buy some merchandise for him wholesale in Gonayiv. Prices there are lower. That’s where the folks he buys from purchase most of what they sell him. But the cousin eventually started hesitating, finally telling Jean Belson that he could not do him the favor because it was creating jealousy.

He belongs to two different savings structures, a savings and loan association like the one that Fonkoze set up for him and his fellow members. He is also in something his calls a “mityèl,” or mutual. It is similar, but has a two-year cycle rather than a one-year one. He has calculated how much he will have at the end if two years if he saves with disciple, and he already has a plan for the money. He wants to buy a solar power set-up and a refrigerator. He thinks that he will be able to make a lot of money by charging people’s phones and selling cold drinks to the many young people who come by to hang out at his shop.

Last week, however, disaster struck. The man he thinks of as his father passed away after a long illness. But even in this difficult moment, Jean Belson is happy about the way his life has changed. He is proud that he’s been able to help with the funeral expenses. “It used to be that no matter what happened, there was nothing I could do. Now I am able to do my part.”

After Seven months in Kalabat

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Ifonia lives in Provo, a mountainous area of eastern Gwomòn. The region is split into multiple small neighborhoods, most of which are along the steep, rocky slopes that rise up from of the area’s many streams. 

She’s from another rural part of Gwomòn, but as a young woman she was living in downtown Gwomòn, going to school there. “I would come home on Fridays and then go back downtown on Sundays with provisions. I wouldn’t carry a week’s worth, so one of my parents would visit during the week to check things out and bring more stuff.”

She was in the eleventh grade when she met Kenson. He liked her enough that he went to her parents to ask for her hand. “He gave me a ring and a set of earrings.” 

Her parents agreed, but that was the end of her education. She moved in with Kenson, in his mother’s house, where they still live with their three boys. Kenson would support the household with farming, though he could occasionally get construction work with a brother-in-law, who is a construction foreman in Sen Mak. She reports that she has a good relationship with Kenson, though she cheerfully volunteers a series of platitudes about “how men are” as a note about her confidence in his fidelity.

Ifonia’s job was mainly to manage whatever money that Kenson brought it. “I couldn’t do commerce in the market because of the children, but if my husband gave me 50 gourds, I would spend 25 and then take the other 25 and turn it back into 50.” That means she’d make a small amount of money through trading despite the kids. She would occasionally leave them with her mother-in-law to go buy basic groceries at the market, which she’d then sell out of her home. It was nothing big, but it helped.

Joining the CLM program has opened Ifonia’s eyes to new possibilities. She started using the stipend that Fonkoze provides each week much as she uses the money her partner has always provided. She spends some of it on household expenses, and she adds some to her business. She might buy a small bag of cookies or crackers or candy that she then sells by the piece. 

She also uses it to help manage a new weekly expense. The program offered her a chance to participate as a member of a savings and loan association, and she puts 250 gourds out of her 600-gourd stipend into savings.

The program provides funds for a business investment, and she chose to invest hers into livestock. She’s now raising goats. She bought two, and one is pregnant. She is hoping that they will reproduce and increase in value until she can sell some to buy a cow. She thinks it’s important to have animals of different sizes and, in particular, of different values. “There are problems you can solve by selling a chicken. You wouldn’t sell a goat to solve a chicken-size problem. You wouldn’t sell a cow to sell a goat-size problem. And there are cow-size problems, too.”

She is now getting ready to work on building a new house. She thinks she’s been living in her mother-in-law’s house too long already. She thought about building the new one on her father-in-law’s land, but people told her that the plot of land she was looking at is cursed, and she was reluctant to move onto cursed land with three small boys. So, she’ll stay on her mother-in-law’s land, but she’ll have her own separate house. 

With her oldest boy, Kensley

Chalesia lives high on another one of the area’s steep slopes. Her mother, she says, chose her husband for her when she was a 16-year-old 5th-grader. She and Nerveus have had eight children together, though they lost one.

Chalesia was angry with her mother when the older woman forced into the relationship with her husband. She thought she was too young to move in with a man. But she reports that it has worked out well for her. They now have a dependent grandchild, so Chalesia says that they have eight children once again. Five of the children still live with them in their home, including their grandchild.

The couple has always struggled, taking care of their children by working as day laborers in their neighbors’ fields. “If your husband goes out to work, you have to go as well.” Despite their small income, they always managed to send their children to at least a minimum of school. “They might not be advanced, but the can all read and write their names.”

When their first two children were born, they still lived with Chalesia’s mother. They moved into their own home just before Chalesia had their third child. By her reckoning, that was about 28 years ago. They have not be able to keep the home in goodrepair. “We never had the means.” By the time they joined CLM this year, the house was leaking so badly that it barely seemed livable. Chalesia used plastic bags underneath the tarp lining the ceiling of the hut, but they would fill with water in the rain, and everything inside the home would get soaked.

Normally, CLM families would have to do a lot before the team would be ready to help them with home repair. Installation of a latrine in every family’s yard usually comes first. That involves distributing Fonkoze’s contribution of the materials the families will need to install their latrines, and then hiring and paying the skill workers that perform the installation.

But in cases where a families is in bad straights and appears ready to make use of support early, the team can provide home repair materials together with the materials for latrine construction in a single transfer, and that’s what we did for Chalesia. She lost no time in marshaling the resources and the labor she’d need for her family to have a new home. She couldn’t afford all the lumber she needed, but because of her connection to the program, she was able to get the rest of the lumber on credit. Her home has been finished for a while now. The photo shows her new home next to her old one.

She chose to have the walls made with the corrugated metal that would ordinarily be used just for roofing. It was the easiest way to get things done quickly. But, as the photo below shows, all that rushing did not lead her to forego detail work cut into the lumber that is designed just to make her home pretty.

Whereas Ifonia used her weekly stipend much as she had always used the cash that Kenson brought into the home, Chalesia had to do some different things. She did buy a couple of chickens, but she also bought the sand she needed for her home’s construction.

Without other important things to do with the stipend, she had to think about how to ensure that she’d be able to make the weekly contribution to her savings group, and instead of simply taking 250 hours out each week’s stipend, she used a lump sum to by laundry products — mainly soap and detergent — which she sells out of her home.

She has a plan for her savings. When she receives her pay-out from the group at the end of 12 months, she wants to invest more in her business. But she doesn’t want to buy more laundry products. There’s only so much detergent she can sell. Instead, she will add a separate business, buying loads of local produce and bringing it to market for sale.

In the meantime, she’s used the money that Fonkoze provided as a business investment to buy livestock. She initially bought a goat and a pig, but she is ready to sell her pig already. She’s seen several of her neighbors’ pigs die in the last week. Pig rearing can enable someone to earn a lot of money fast, but it is risking because pigs’ health is fragile. Rather than continuing to take the risk, she plans now to sell her pig and use the proceeds to buy another goat or two. Raising goats is important, she says, because they provide a way to pay for school each year.

Chalina is another member who needed help with home repair right away. In her case, it was not only about a leaky roof. Her home appears ready to collapse. The leaning doorframe is a clear sign.

Her current boyfriend is helping her build her new home, but he’s not the father of any of her children. She thinks of him as a seriously improvement over the men she’s had children with, who haven’t treated her well.

She has six children and three grandchildren living with her. Those six children have three different fathers, but the three men have always left the responsibility for the children with her. And it’s been a struggle. Several of the kids have spent time living with other families over the years. Chalina just couldn’t take care of them. But even though the children’s host families would send them to school, the kids would always choose to return to their mother. “People treated them badly.” So, Chalina fought to send them to school, counting on her fields, mostly planted with pigeon peas, for the money she’d need to do it.

She used her investment fund to buy livestock, but the investment has not borne much fruit so far. She bought a goat and a pig. Her goat died, and her pig became sick, so she is getting ready to sell it so she can invest in goats instead.

She has been saving in her savings group, and that is where she’s really placed her hopes. After a year, she will receive a pay out of all her savings along with her share of whatever interest the group has earned through loans, and Chalina wants to invest her payout into commerce.

She foresees a problem with commerce, but she thinks she has figured out what might be a solution. Commerce is hard to sustain, she says, where she lives, because some of her neighbors are jealous of CLM members and don’t want to buy from them. And even if they do buy from them, they can want to buy on credit and then use the fact that the seller has received grants from Fonkoze as an excuse for not paying. So, rather than attempting one of the standard forms of day-to-day commerce, she plans to buy up beans and peanuts at harvest and then store them in her new, dry home until the next planting season season, when the prices will be higher because people need the seeds.

It won’t give her a constant flow of income, but she could make several lump sums a year, and since she has always depended on her own harvest, this form of income is not new to her. “If you don’t know how to manage your money, it will just disappear.”

Yolette After 15 Months

Yolette lives in Motèl, a neighborhood of Gwo Moulen. She was widowed, raising her first child, and she took up with another man, Polyte. She felt she needed help to take care of her girl. She and Polyte have since had five more children. 

But as they lived together, she had to face his mistreatment of her and of her oldest daughter. At first, he would give Yolette money to buy the clothes the girl needed. But that eventually stopped, and as her girl became a young woman, she took up with a man when she was still too young, and soon she had a child of her own. When the man abandoned her and her child, Yolette was left with the burden. She struggles to provide what her grandchild needs.

She did it all with her own farming. When Polyte gave her something out of his harvest to sell at market, he insisted that she bring him all the proceeds. And that was at the heart of her problems. If she tried to argue, he would yell, he would swear, he would even hit her. 

Despite it all, she managed to acquire two goats and some chickens. She bought them with the little money she could secretly save out of the food money Polyte provided. To keep him from getting mad or from taking the animals away, she lied. She told him that they did not belong to her, that she was taking care of them for someone else.

When she joined the CLM program, she began saving her weekly stipend and investing it. She bought ducks and a turkey. She received 23,000 gourds as funds for business capital, and together with her case manager, Makenson, she planned her purchases. She bought two goats and a pig, and she used the balance to invest in a business selling cooking charcoal. She used her income from the charcoal to feed her family. By this time, Polyte had stopped providing any help at all. He wouldn’t even help her look after her livestock.  

One day, Yolette was sitting with Makenson, talking about her troubles with Polyte. Makenson started looking for chances to talk with him. Polyte seemed to want to avoid him, staying away from home whenever Makenson was scheduled for a visit. So, Makenson made efforts to cross paths with the man when he was out and about in the neighborhood. Their short conversations began to help. Polyte started to change.

She was scheduled to receive 20,000 gourds to repair her home, like all the CLM members in her cohort, but she and her family were living in a small house on Polyte’s family’s land, and it did not really need serious repair. So, she discussed it with Makenson, and she made another plan. 

She had money in a sòl, a sort of savings club common in Haiti. Members make a fixed regular contribution and take turns receiving the whole pot. When it was her turn to receive the money, Yolette added the home repair money, and she bought a horse. Buying a pack animal really set her business in motion. With the money she earned, she soon bought another pig and another goat. She also paid school fees for three of her children and bought shares in her VSLA every week.

When she was scheduled for refresher training, Makenson made sure personally to invite Polyte to an accompanying session for men on positive masculinities. Polyte decided to attend, and since then the improvements in his behavior have just continued. He now helps Yolette consistently with management of her livestock. He has stopped his yelling and his violence, both towards Yolette and towards her oldest daughter.

In July, her VSLA’s one-year cycle closed, and she collected 26,000 gourds in savings plus the interest she earned on it. It wasn’t enough to buy a cow, which was her next objective, but by then she had twelve goats, so she sold three. That gave her the full amount, 45,000 gourds, that she needed to buy a heifer. And she still has nine goats, two pigs, her horse, 15 chickens, and a turkey. 

Now she says she lives well, even if Polyte still isn’t everything she hopes he will be. Her current plan is to buy land. Someone in a neighboring area has offered her a plot for 60,000 gourds, and she is saving in her VSLA and through a sòlso she’ll be able to do it. She’s come to see that she never lacked the will to work for progress, she just needed for someone to give her a hand.

Just After Graduation in Bonbadopolis

Franceline lives in Zetrèn, a community just off the main road that winds from downtown Bonbadopolis back north through the commune’s second rural section. She lives there in a room with her four children and one grandson.

Up until a couple of years ago, her husband lived with them too. They all shared shack down the hill, behind her current place. Her husband earned the income that the family depended on, cutting trees for charcoal makers or doing day labor for local farmers in their fields. It wasn’t much, but it meant that the family had something to eat and that the children could go to school.

Even then, it was hard for Franceline. She didn’t earn income herself. “You just sit around waiting for someone to put something into your hand.” But her husband died, and then Franceline had to fend for the kids and for herself.

Without capital to invest or any experience at business, she ended up just doing laundry for neighbors. They generally paid her in food, rather than cash, so she no longer had a way to pay the children’s school fees, and she had no way to set anything aside to create a better way to earn. Her children were often hungry. “It was so hard when they would cry.”

Franceline joined the CLM program, but she felt from the start that raising animals, which most members take on as their first CLM-financed business, would be challenging. “I didn’t want to start with a lot of goats because I don’t have anyone to help me look after them.”

Despite her reservations, she decided to buy a single billy goat with 7,500 gourds of the investment funds that the program provided. Buying a male is very unusual for CLM members. Almost all choose females, banking on their producing offspring. Franceline, however, had thought it through. “The females they were selling at the time were from Bòdmè. They are used to being kept tied up.”

Bòdmè is another neighborhood of Bonbadopolis, along the sea shore. Folks who keep goats in that part of the commune don’t keep them tied. They let them wander to find their own food, and what they find along the shore is different from what goats eat around Zetrèn. Franceline decided that, rather than taking a risk with a poorly adapted female, she’d raise a billygoat until it was valuable enough for her to sell it for enough to buy a better female. She does want a female eventually, because she thinks that having a small number of goats is the best way for her to make sure that she has money every year to send her kids to school.

The first payment of her investment fund was 15,000 gourds, so buying the goat used just half of it. She used the rest to start a business. She bought snacks — cookies, crackers, etc. — and began to sell them in front of a large school nearby. She managed her profits carefully. “If I have 100 gourds, I try to eat just 25.” Though she immediately admits the spending just 25% of her profit is an exaggeration, she sticks to her point. “I keep saving something to add to the business.”

With her house falling apart, she wasn’t sure where she was going to live, even with the support that the program promised her. But her grandmother’s house was empty, and she had a talk with her aunt. The house could never become hers. Her grandmother had several children. But her aunt agreed that she could use the materials that CLM would provide to repair one of the house’s larger rooms. That’s where she and the kids live now. She’s thinks of building her own house on her father’s land, where she and her husband had their shack, as a project, but it doesn’t seem close just yet.

When it was time for her to receive the rest of her investment capital, she knew that she wanted to grow her business. Since she was selling right in front of a school, she stocked up on school supplies: pens, pencils, notebooks, etc. Sales are down right now, because summer vacation is not over yet. But when her savings group ended its 12-month cycle, she took the payout and bought some larger items, like school bags. She is already displaying them in front of her home. She’ll move them to the front of the school, with the rest of her business, soon. Eventually, she would like to be able to sell a full range of groceries.

Fourteen Months in Laskawobas

Rose Andre is a CLM member from Hat, an agricultural area between the main road to the Dominican Republic and the Artibonite River, east of downtown Laskawobas. She has four children with three different men, and she lives in a small house with one of the kids. She used to do day labor in the fields along the nearby Artibonit River. Or she would do a day of laundry for someone. She did not have her own business. 

She joined a savings and loan association that called for 1,000-gourd contributions each month, which she made with her laundry money. She took out a 15,000-gourd loan, and she went to the border to buy merchandise so she could go into business. She bought household plastics, like washtubs. She used the income to join a sòl, another type of savings club common in Haiti. She bought a goat. But the business stopped working well for her, so she switched to buying and selling onions.

She bought her onions at the border, but she got caught in heavy rain. The onions were soaked. It was nearly a total loss. She was left with just 4,500 gourds, which she paid to the savings and loan association as a partial reimbursement, then she went back to doing day labor. 

When she joined CLM, she started saving up her weekly stipend, first to repay the money she owed to the savings and loan association, then to buy support posts for the home that she built with the program’s assistance. 

Now she is in the savings and loan association that Fonkoze established for her and the other members of her cohort. She’s used credit from the association to buy extra roofing, the palm wood for walls, and the lumber she needed for her doors. She borrowed 25,000 gourds in all. 

She bought goats with most of the investment fund that the program provided. She now has five of them and an adult turkey with five rapidly growing poults. She had already bought a chicken with the stipend she received during the six initial days of training, and that single hen is now eight chickens. 

But she also invested in small commerce. She initially went back to onions and tomatoes. She bought 6,500 gourds’ worth. But she quickly shifted back to plastic housewares. She goes to the market at the border to purchase merchandise, and she sells at large markets near her. She sells in downtown Laskawobas, the market in Kwa Fè, farther east down the main road., and the one in Kolonbyè, to the south in Savanèt commune. She was selling in Mache Kana, a large market in eastern Mibalè, but the gangs took over the area, so she stopped going. This week she plans to explore a large rural market in Waysek, northeast of where she lives, as an alternative to Macha Kana.

The business has been thriving. She now buys merchandise for 25,000 gourds per week, almost four times what she started with. And it has been growing even as she repaid her VSLA loans. The current situation in the region has made things more challenging, however. Increases in her transportation costs have cut the profit that she makes by a half. 

Despite the difficulties, she wants to push her commerce to continue to grow and to eventually buy a cow. She also wants to pour a concrete foundation for her new home and to live a better life. When she thinks of how things were, she thinks about how she used to work very hard just to maintain her misery. She doesn’t do those jobs anymore. She no longer does day labor in the fields nor other peoples’ laundry. 

In a year or two, she hopes to have a much larger business. One worth 50,000 gourds at least. She plans to use regular credit from her new savings and loan association to help her make her business grow. 

Rose André has a few months to go before she graduates, but she’s already thinking about what she would say to a woman just starting the program. “Take good care of your business assets, because they are what helps you move forward and keep all that they teach you at the training workshops in mind.”

Marilia is a CLM member who lives in Gwo Moulen, in a neighborhood called Lagon. She has four children with two different men, but neither of the men does anything for his kids. 

She used to borrow money from Fonkoze to run a business to feed her family and send the children to school. That’s why one of the children made it all the way to eleventh grade. The others did not get as far. 

Marilia’s second husband abused her. Every time she asked him for money to take care of the children or pay for their school, he would hit her. And he was with other women at the same time. 

Marilia decided to leave him. She had been selling oranges and chayote in Laskawobas. She had had a bad day. Sales were poor. She had to find someone to give her a little money so that she could buy food to bring it home for her kids. When she told her husband, he started beating her with a stick. She was afraid for her life. If it wasn’t for neighbors who helped her get away from him, he might have beaten her to death.

She left the second man that very day, but she felt she needed help taking care of her children, so she took up with a third man. She hoped that this time would be different. This third man had no other women, but he had grown children, and his children treated her badly because they said she had no children with their father. They wanted to kick her out of the home she shared with their dad, and only local leaders kept them from doing so. 

She was okay with the way the man himself treated her, but he always repeated that everything he had was for his children. It got to the point that her own children started to leave. One went to the Dominican Republic to work. Another started her own family earlier than she should have. One of her children won’t even look at her because she could not send them to school. 

When she joined CLM, she got to work. She took the stipend the program gave her for food, but she did not buy food. She used it to go back into business because hers had fallen apart. With income from the new business, she started buying poultry to raise in her yard. When she received the money to invest, she added to it by taking a loan from her savings association, and she bought a donkey, which she needed for her business to grow, and a single goat.  

She continued to work, and she was able to buy a pig. She’s now been in the program for 12 months. She has her donkey and four goats, and now her pig is pregnant, almost ready to give birth. She has two ducks and several chickens.

She now has found someone in the nearby community of Lospen willing to rent her a small piece of land “sou pri dacha.” That means that her rent payments will count towards eventual purchase of the land. But the seller encountered financial problems, and Marilia needs to speed up her purchase. She wants to buy the land to build a small house on it. She worries that if her husband were to die, his children would drive her out of her current home. She hopes to sell her pig to pay for the land. She’ll add the money she receives at the end of her savings club’s 12-month cycle. She can buy the land for 125,000 gourds. 

Her pig is pregnant, though. She thinks that if she waits for it to have its litter, she can sell both it and some piglets, too. The seller has given her until December to pay. Even if she lives in a house now with her partner, she says that her body is there, but her spirit is already out the door. Her goal is to move into a small house built on her own piece of land.

Guerline is not from Hat. She’s from Kas, an important rural market across the river to the north. She was a single mother of three. The children’s father left her to work in the Dominican Republic. Another man, Lonie, came to Kas to see a friend and he saw Guerline as well. The two have been together on land that belongs to his family ever since, and Guerline now has an additional child with him.

She and Lonie got by before the CLM program on his fishing. He worked the nearby river and the cluster of lagoons formed by the hydroelectric dam. She brought his catch for sale to market. It didn’t give them much, but it kept them and the children mostly fed. They did, however, have to live in a room of his parents’ house.

Much of that has changed since Guerline joined the program. She bought two goats with funds that the program provided. Both have reproduced. She now has four, and one is pregnant again. She also invested in a small business selling kleren, or Haitian rum, and cigarettes. “It makes me enough to buy shares every week in my VSLA.”

She and Lonie were also able to finish their new home. She hopes that when their VSLA’s one-year cycle ends, she will be able to use the payout, together with money from the sale of a goat or two, to buy a small heifer. “A cow gives you something you can turn to if something bad happens.” She also thinks about raising cows so that she can eventually sell them to buy land. “The cow isn’t the real point, the land is.”

But Guerline has problems, too, and the biggest one is Lonie. “When he drinks, he is terrible,” she says. She first decided that she had to move her three older children out of the house. “I didn’t want him around them.” Each child now lives with a different relative. She stays in touch with them, and makes sure they are in school, but they are no longer with her.

Her older children’s father recently called from the Dominican Republic. He was worried about his kids because he heard that Laskawobas was under attack from the gang that overran neighboring Mibalè. Guerline patiently explained that the neighborhood where they live has not yet been threatened. But when she got off the phone, Lonie was furious. He said that the other man had no right to call her and that she had no business talking to him. She tried explaining that she was just letting him know that his children were safe. Even Lonie’s parents took Guerline’s side, but Lonie would not cool down, eventually slapping her with the flat blade of his machete. 

Guerline’s not timid. She picked up a rock and hit him with it. But the fight gave her a lot to think about. She says she told him that, if he doesn’t stop drinking, she will disassemble their house and leave him, taking the house and their child with her.

Rosemarie lives in Kalib, a neighborhood of Gwo Moulen. She has been struggling to support four children. She says her life was hard until she found the opportunity that CLM offered her.

Before the program, the household had a mule. Her partner had purchased it with money he earned as a day laborer in the fields in the Dominican Republic. She had always planned to use the mule to start a business bringing produce to market, but that never happened because she never had the capital she needed to start.

With part of the investment fund that the program provided she bought two goats, a pig, and two turkeys, and used the rest of the money to begin a business selling bread and sugar, which rural Haitians need to enjoy the bread and coffee they enjoy first thing in the morning, and pig feed.  

As a member of her savings and loan association, or VSLA, she was able to borrow an additional 10,000 gourds to invest in the business. With that additional money and the profit that she kept investing, she kept adding different products to the business, like rice and other basic groceries. The business was eventually worth about 55,000 gourds, or nearly $425. And it was growing even as Rosemarie used its profits to buy a second pig, send two of her children to school, and purchase the beans she’d plant as her spring crop.

But because of the gang violence that overwhelmed Mibalè and then threatened Laskawobas, her business fell apart. She was afraid to go to market to sell her merchandise. She used up her stock just feeding her family. She got to the point that she wasn’t sure how she’d repay the balance she still owed on the loan from her VSLA. She had to take the last reimbursement directly from her savings.

But Rosemarie did not get discouraged. She talked with her case manager, and they worked out a plan. Rosemarie decided to sell one of her goats to get a new business started. It was her turn to get the payout from her sòl, a group savings club in which members make a fixed weekly contribution and each week one member gets the whole pot. So, she added the sòl money to the revenue from the sale of the goat, and she invested in cooking charcoal.

The new business is going well. Rosemarie says, “I won’t ever stop struggling forward. I have learned that when you fall, you shouldn’t just stay down. You should make the effort to get back on your feet.”

At Four Months in Kalabat

Rose-Manie lives in Bezwen, an area above Kalabat, a small market in eastern Gwomòn that is the location of a parish church. She has one child, a three-year-old boy, whom she is raising without help from his father. The two of them live with her parents and her younger siblings.

She was able to start a small commerce even before she joined CLM. After weaning her baby, she left him in her mother’s care and moved to Gonayiv, the large city south of Gwomòn, to work as a maid. “I cooked and cleaned and did laundry.” She made 7,500 gourds per month, and she refused to spend any of it. So when she returned home after three months, she had 22,500 gourds she could invest. That is about $175. She arrived home during mango season, so she quickly added to her capital by buying and selling mangoes. When she shifted to selling groceries, she had almost $200. She sold rice, cooking oil, and the range of basics that Haitian cooks depend upon.

But Rose-Manie got sick, and her business capital slowly disappeared. For one thing, she continued to have to spend to feed herself and her boy even when she was too sick to work. For another, the medical expenses themselves were considerable. By the time she joined the program, she and her boy were largely depending on her folks.

But things have started to change since she joined the program. She bought a goat with 9,000 gourds of the first 15,000 gourds of her investment fund. She is trying to buy a smaller goat with the remaining 6,000, but she hasn’t found one that she likes yet. She hopes that if she takes good care of the goats, she can accumulate them until she has enough to sell them to buy a cow.

She expects to receive the remaining funds for investment soon, and plans to invest it to start her old business once again. She is optimistic. “Jodi a w ka gen yon bak sirèt. Demen se tout yon boutik.” A bak is a small wooden table that merchants use when they are selling just sirèt, or candy, and maybe some packaged cookies and crackers. It is a standard example of an especially small business. Rose-Manie is saying that one day you have nothing but a small table of snacks, and the next you can have your own shop.

Enide lives above Kalabat as well. Her neighborhood is Filyon. She has five children. A few years ago, when she saw that she could no longer send them all to school, she gave two of the older ones some money, and she sent them to live with a friend in Pòdpè, the major coastal city north of Gwomòn.

She and the two young women thought that the two would run their own commerce in the city and send themselves to school. The plan worked, except that her daughters found that they could not stay with the family who initially hosted them, and Enide had to borrow money to help them rent a room.

She borrowed the money from a village savings and loan association that had been functioning in the area even before CLM got there. She managed to repay what she owed, but then the association fell apart. “People borrowed money, but then they didn’t pay it back.”

The father of her younger children is around the area, but he doesn’t really help Enide with their kids. He’s married to someone else. “I’m their mother and their father. I sleep with them and get up with them every day.”

But she finds it hard to get ahead. She says, “Yon sèl dwèt pa manje kalalou.” That means that you can’t eat okra with just one finger. Okra is famously slippery. The phrase is a common Haitian proverb used to explain the need for teamwork. Everything Enide does, she has to do alone, and that makes life difficult.

She is excited about the goats she was able to buy with the first payment of her CLM investment fund. She bought two. “If I take care of them, and they reproduce, I won’t have to worry how I will send my youngest to school.” Her youngest is a son named Woodkervens, and he is just six, so he has a lot of years of school ahead of him. If she gets the number of her goats up over the next year or so, it won’t be a problem for her to sell one now and again for school fees and related expenses.

She is waiting impatiently for the rest of her transfer. She wants to invest it in her commerce. Her business model is simple. There are two large markets higher up into the mountains, farther to the east, Twa Pòto and Dandi. She buys produce there, and brings it down to Gwomòn for sale. It is a straightforward model. Produce is cheaper in such markets than it is downtown.

Up to now, she has been managing with credit. She goes to neighbors, borrows 5,000 gourds or so, and repays it the next day, when she gets back from selling in Gwomòn. They don’t charge her interest. “If I borrow from a woman, I might give her some of whatever I bought with the money. If I borrow from a man, I just say ‘thanks.’ If they see you always pay, you can usually find a loan.” But without any of her own funds, her business cannot grow. She plans to keep borrowing after she gets the money from CLM, but she’ll be adding to her own funds rather than depending on borrowed money alone.

Jolette lives in another neighborhood of Kalabat. She has a twenty-year-old son finishing high school in downtown Gwomòn and a baby with her in Kalabat. Until recently, she lived with her mother, but her mother kicked her out when she became pregnant with her second child, and she moved in with the girl’s father, Ancelot. She had had her son with another man, but he was married.

She had struggled to build the room of her mother’s house that she lived in. She sold cosmetics or groceries. Her business changed from time to time. But the expense of sending her son to school eventually ate up her capital. The shack she moved into with her girl’s father was falling apart even before she got there.

When she first joined the program, she struggled to eat even once a day. “If I ate on Sunday, I wouldn’t have anything on Monday.” The weekly stipend helped a lot. And it helped her support her son in school, too. “If I ate 50 gourds of food, I would save 50 gourds to send to my son.”

She used the first payment of her investment fund to buy a sow and a goat. “The pig will have piglets, and I will be able to sell them. My boy will be ready for college this coming year, and it will cost a lot.”

All through the conversation, Jolette keeps returning to her son’s needs. She barely seems to think about other things. “Everything I do is for my children.”

After Four Months in Gran Platon

Imanie lives in Woudobay, on the ridge between Laskawobas and Savanèt, just outside the larger mountaintop community of Gran Platon. Like many of her neighbors, she uses the market in Kolonbyè, a town in Savanèt, just as she uses the larger regional market in downtown Laskawobas. 

She is originally from the Savanèt side of the ridge, and she was living around Fon Desanm with her first husband and their five children when the CLM team was working there about ten years ago. At the time, the family did not qualify for CLM. When that husband passed away, however, things took a turn for the worse for her. She eventually moved to Woudobay to live with her current partner, Osnel, with whom she has three additional children.

At first they lived well enough together, but she started to dislike the way that he treated those of her children who are not his. “I think his family put ideas into his head.” The three oldest decided to leave home, and they now live with their late father’s family. Three of the five who are still with her are school age, and she managed to send them this year, though she still owes the school money.

Before she joined the program, Imanie had a very small business. “I carried a washbasin [of products] on my head, selling whenever there was an event.” She sold tobacco, cigarettes, and local rum at events like wakes, cockfights, and parties. It is a business that requires a lot of hiking in a very rural area like the one where she lives. She would try to sell at home to save herself the effort, but that doesn’t work. “When you sell at home, people always want credit, so I would rather go to events.” The business does not take much capital. Imanie would borrow from friends to keep it going, and if she couldn’t do that, she’d turn to loan sharks. 

Since she joined the program, however, she has started to turn her life in another direction. She found a neighbor willing to rent her a small plot of land “sou pri dacha.” That means that the rent she pays will count towards an eventual purchase. She made a 5,000-gourd payment towards the first year’s 17,500-gourd rent. She knows that she’ll have to pay 35,000 gourds for the first two years, but she’s not sure what the final purchase price will be. She’s already installed her CLM-supported latrine on the new plot. She wants to leave Osnel and move into her own home. She even thinks that her older children will want to return to join her.

Imanie has begun taking care of the goats that she bought with CLM funds. She has two mature females and a healthy kid. She does not yet have a clear idea what she wants to do with livestock. She simply explains that she wants to keep them “for graduation.”

She has begun saving in her VSLA, though she still depends mainly on her CLM stipend to do so. She hopes that, by the end of the year’s cycle, she’ll have enough between her savings and her livestock to buy a donkey. Having a pack animal would make a big difference for her. She could buy loads of produce at the rural markets that farmers use and bring them for sale to downtown Laskaswobas, where produce is more expensive.

Anaphterline lives on the other side of a small mountaintop hill from Imanie with her husband Louiess and their two kids. She grew up nearby, just below Gwo Moulen, the next large-ish community to the east, and moved to Gran Platon when she moved in with Louiess. 

Louiess has been the family’s main earner up to now. He works as a day laborer in local fields. The couple also has a small garden of their own, where they plant beans, pigeon peas, corn, millet, and what Anaphterline calls “lòt detay,” or other minor items, by which she means mainly plantains and meliton, or chayote, a squash-like vegetable common in Haiti. But it was not enough to keep them fed. “We sometimes went a day without food.”

Not that they had been helpless. Even before they joined CLM, they had purchased a house to set up on their land. They paid 25,000 gourds, and it involved selling multiple bean crops. Anaphterline adds that “the seller was really patient with us.”

But even after buying the house, they could not use it. It had to be disassembled where it stood on the seller’s land and then moved to where they live. “We bought the house, but we didn’t have the money to make food for the people who would help us move it.” Thanks to their CLM stipend, they finally had enough cash. It took four Sundays of work from four to eight movers, but the parts now sit, waiting to be assembled, where they live. “Louiess torn down our old house and put it back up in the corner of the yard so that we’d be able to put up the new house in the best spot.”

Their new house, disassembled and now on their land.

Anaphterline bought two goats with the first transfer of cash that the program provided. She had some money left over and plans to use it to buy a turkey. She expects to get the second transfer of the balance of her investment fund soon, and she will use it to start a small grocery business. “Louiess said he would build me a shack on the path that people use to hike to market, and I will run my business from that shack.”

Their goat shed and their not-yet-enclosed latrine.

She hopes that, between her livestock and her commerce, she’ll be able to earn enough to buy a cow. “If you have a cow, you can buy land. When they see you have a cow, they know you can pay, so people who want to sell land will offer it to you.”

Dinah lives closer to the center of Gran Platon than the other two women. She lives with two small children in her mother’s house. The children’s father lives nearby, but he plays no role in their lives. She has an older brother working in the D.R. who sends their mother money as often as he can. Those transfers have been the household’s main source of income.

One priority for Dinah since she joined the program has been to get herself and her children into their own house, and she has gotten to work. She paid laborers to clean a flat spot on her family’s land for her to build a home on. She hopes to start building soon. She has already installed her new latrine there.

Dinah’s prepared land with her new latrine.

In the meantime, she has started her own grocery business on the main path using the stipend she received from the program. She sells a few basics and some fried snacks. She likes selling along the path because it means that she sees people as they come and go.

She also bought two goats with money from the program. Like Anaphterline, she hopes that the goats can someday enable her to buy a cow.